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This document gives an overview of the routing aspects of IPv4 to IPv6 transition. The approach outlined here is designed to be compatible with the existing mechanisms for IPv6 transition [1].
During an extended IPv4-to-IPv6 transition period, IPv6-based systems must coexist with the installed base of IPv4 systems. In such a dual internetworking protocol environment, both IPv4 and IPv6 routing infrastructure will be present. Initially, deployed IPv6-capable domains might not be globally interconnected via IPv6-capable internet infrastructure and therefore may need to communicate across IPv4-only routing regions. In order to achieve dynamic routing in such a mixed environment, there need to be mechanisms to globally distribute IPv6 network layer reachability information between dispersed IPv6 routing regions. The same techniques can be used in later stages of IPv4-to-IPv6 transition to route IPv4 packets between isolated IPv4-only routing region over IPv6 infrastructure.
The IPng transition provides a dual-IP-layer transition, augmented by use of encapsulation where necessary and appropriate. Routing issues related to this transition include: (1) Routing for IPv4 packets (2) Routing for IPv6 packets (2a) IPv6 packets with IPv6-native addresses (2b) IPv6 packets with IPv4-compatible addresses (3) Operation of manually configured static tunnels (4) Operation of automatic encapsulation (4a) Locating encapsulators (4b) Ensuring that routing is consist with encapsulation
Basic mechanisms required to accomplish these goals include: (i) Dual-IP-layer Route Computation; (ii) Manual configuration of point- to-point tunnels; and (iii) Route leaking to support automatic encapsulation.
The basic mechanism for routing of IPv4 and IPv6 involves dual-IP- layer routing. This implies that routes are separately calculated for IPv4 addresses and for IPv6 addressing. This is discussed in more detail in section 3.1.
Tunnels (either IPv4 over IPv6, or IPv6 over IPv4) may be manually configured. For example, in the early stages of transition this may be used to allow two IPv6 domains to interact over an IPv4 infrastructure. Manually configured static tunnels are treated as if they were a normal data link. This is discussed in more detail in section 3.2.
Use of automatic encapsulation, where the IPv4 tunnel endpoint address is determined from the IPv4 address embedded in the IPv4- compatible destination address of IPv6 packet, requires consistency of routes between IPv4 and IPv6 routing domains for destinations using IPv4-compatible addresses. For example, consider a packet which starts off as an IPv6 packet, but then is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet in the middle of its path from source to destination. This packet must locate an encapsulator at the correct part of its path. Also, this packet has to follow a consistent route for the entire path from source to destination. This is discussed in more detail in section 3.3.
The mechanisms for tunneling IPv6 over IPv4 are defined in the transition mechanisms specification [1].
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